Eleştirel Söylem Analizi: Ulusal Yazılı Basında "Kasım Süleymani Suikastı" Haberine Yönelik Bir Çözümleme


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Kilit Z. A.

in: Medya, İletişim ve Toplum, Asena TEMELLİ COŞGUN,İhsan EKEN, Editor, Çizgi Kitabevi Yayınları, İstanbul, pp.159-181, 2024

  • Publication Type: Book Chapter / Chapter Other Book
  • Publication Date: 2024
  • Publisher: Çizgi Kitabevi Yayınları
  • City: İstanbul
  • Page Numbers: pp.159-181
  • Editors: Asena TEMELLİ COŞGUN,İhsan EKEN, Editor
  • Istanbul Medipol University Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

Printed newspapers, which are part of the traditional media, have an important place in fulfilling the right of the society to receive news and information. In addition to being one of the most important mass media, there is a direct relationship between its publications and the concept of communication. In the context, the role of the media, namely the mass media, in forming the agenda and public opinion is undeniable. While considering the social role of newspapers, the ideological functioning principles of the newspaper should be considered as well (Fiske, 2003:214). As a result of the monopoly of the media by the capital owners and the powers, there are changes in the virtues that are prioritized. The owners and managers of the media industry can produce and reproduce the ideas, intonations and content that are close to them much more easily than other social groups (Lull cited in Akbulutgiller ve Erkan, 2014:94). The news, which is shaped according to the broadcast policy, adopted by the media organization, is reproduced and transferred to the masses as a kind of reflection of reality, through the language and discourse preferred in the news text (Gölcü et al., 2019:222). As a result of the network of mutual interest relations, influential organizations such as political foci, power holders, ideological representatives, etc. can use the media/media organs in actions such as directing the society, measuring reaction, creating perception, adopting ideas, pumping ideology. The presentation of the news is shaped in a way that appeals to the reader/receiver and does not contradict the views of the power holders. The narrative part of a news is inevitably affected by production limitations and journalistic values, and therefore it is considered biased rather than objective (Akca, 2009:87). While the media supports the discourse of the government, it develops a discourse that is contrary to the discourse of the opposition. The media, fed by opposing forces and opposing discourses, follows a path that is anti-government and the opposite of the rhetoric of the government, and the wrong policies of the government are used while shaping the news. Discourse is an approach that proposes to read the power relations existing in the social sphere through the struggle for meaning of language (Durna ve Kubilay, 2010:48). Discourse is used as a means of legitimizing power by reinforcing social inequalities systematically and making them natural and inevitable, as well as constructing meaning and thus enabling societies to establish links between existing symbols and meanings (Çakmak ve Bilişli, 2019, p. 101). Critical discourse analysis, on the other hand, is an interdisciplinary field of study that deals with different perspectives, theoretical foundations or approaches. In this respect, within the scope of critical discourse analysis, racist, sexist, political discourses and media discourses are examined. The aim of this research is to reveal whether the political attitude adopted by the media organization has an effect on the presentation of the news in the print media. In the study, the first pages of daily Turkish printed newspapers with different publication policies and ideological tendencies and with high national circulation were examined. The death of Qassem Soleimani, the commander of the Quds Force affiliated to the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Army, which has become a national and global agenda, as a result of the assassination by the USA, has been analyzed in the context of the effect of newspaper and publication policies on the language and discourse of the news. While analyzing, Critical Discourse Analysis, a method developed by Van Dijk, were acted upon. In line with the purpose of the research, answers were sought to the following questions: Question 1: Do printed newspapers, which are considered among the traditional mass media, use the framing effect in their news presentations? Question 2: Is there a connection between the language used by the printed newspapers when conveying a news and the publication policy of the newspaper? Question 3: Is there a connection between the readership of the newspapers and the content of the discourse in the news presentation? Question 4: Is the political/ideological line adopted by the newspaper, reflected in the content of the news or news discourse? As the result of the Critical Discourse Analysis, it has been found out that newspapers with different perspectives, political views or ideological preferences use different discourse patterns and different formal features when reflecting the same news.

Geleneksel medyanın bir parçası olan basılı gazeteler, toplumun haber alma ve bilgilenme hakkını giderme noktasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu çalışmada 3 Ocak 2020 tarihinde Irak’ta ABD tarafından uğradığı suikast sonucu hayatını kaybeden İran Silahlı Kuvvetleri’nin Devrim Muhafızları Ordusu’na bağlı Kudüs Gücü komutanı Korgeneral Kasım Süleymani’nin ölüm haberinin Türkiye’deki ulusal yazılı basında ne şekilde yer bulduğu ele alınmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada amaç gazetelerin siyasal zeminde konumlandıkları pozisyon gereği, haber aktarımında kullandıkları söylemin belirlenmesidir. Medya organlarında haberlerin seçilmesi ve yayınlanması sürecinde, haberi yapan veya yapılan haberleri redakte edip yayınlanmasına onay veren bireylerin, aldıkları bu kararlarda ideolojik çerçevelemenin veya yanlılığın payı olduğu varsayımıyla hareket edilmiştir. Çözümleme amacıyla incelenecek olan basılı gazeteler bu kritere göre seçilerek amaçsal örneklem metoduyla belirlenen iki gazete karşılaştırılmış ve Van Dijk’ın eleştirel söylem analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Yapılan çözümleme sonucunda aynı haberin birbirinden farklı ideolojik cephelerde konumlanan iki gazetenin ilk sayfalarında veriliş biçimlerinin, sözü edilen yanlılık/taraf olma varsayımını destekler nitelikte olduğu belirlenmiştir.